feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. As well as being a great voice for video games, animation and films, I've now added MoCap training to my bow - and am currently in full Motion Capture training with the Mocap Vaults. Allowed keystore types are as described in the, if all server certificates should be considered trusted. You are free to organize your files using regular Java package conventions. But since some-reusable.feature is above AnimalsTest.java in the folder hierarchy, it will not be picked-up. In rare cases you may want to use a csv-file as-is and not auto-convert it to JSON. And it is worth mentioning that the Karate configuration bootstrap routine is itself a JavaScript function. Defining the request is mandatory if you are using an HTTP method that expects a body such as post. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. ] But since you can express a list of data-elements as a JSON array - even these XPath expressions can be used in match statements. In some cases where the response JSON is wildly dynamic, you may want to only check for the existence of some keys. This is technically not in the key-value form: multipart field name = 'foo', but logically belongs here in the documentation. Because Karate strips trailing slashes if part of a path parameter, if you want to append a forward-slash to the end of the URL in the final HTTP request - make sure that the last path is a single /. This will give you the usual HTML report showing what features will be run, including all steps shown (including comments) so that it can be reviewed. Mocks writing. Note that if you did not need to inject Examples: into placeholders enclosed within < and >, reading from a file with the extension *.txt may have been sufficient. If you want to dynamically and programmatically determine the tags and features to be included - the API also accepts. Since this is a frequently asked question, the different ways of being able to re-use code (or data) are summarized below. $ represents the response. Naturally, only one value can be returned. isValidTime(_)' When eyeballing a test-script, think of the * as a bullet-point. Create a new job using the +Add new job link. Now it should be clear how Karate makes it easy to express JSON or XML. Instead I get this error. You can find more examples here: xml.feature. In the feature file, we assert for HTTP response code 201. Note that regex escaping has to be done with a double back-slash - for e.g: '#regex a\\.dot' will match 'a.dot'. name: 'John', If you are new to programming or test-automation, refer to the options for IDE support and the official IntelliJ plugin is recommended. Just write the url then base URL after that. This applies to JS functions as well: These heavily commented demo examples can help you understand shared scope better, and are designed to get you started with creating re-usable sign-in or authentication flows: Once you get comfortable with Karate, you can consider moving your authentication flow into a global one-time flow using karate.callSingle(), think of it as callonce on steroids. GET Method: Step 1: Create a feature file under src/test/java folder. Then we can send the JSON variable to the other feature file using the call method and be sending the JSON variable, in this case, emailAddress. """, Then match each json.hotels contains { totalPrice, #? This is especially useful when you want to maintain passwords, secrets or even URL-s specific for your local dev environment. To check whether particular field in response is present and not null using match !null To assert response by ignoring value of particular field So, first lets understand what is response in Karate. Expressions are evaluated using the embedded JavaScript engine. If you face issues such as class not found, just pull in the karate-core dependency, and use the all classifier in your pom.xml (or build.gradle). Since templates can be loaded using the classpath: prefix, you can even re-use templates across your projects via Java JAR files. The @setup tag is built-in for this purpose and any Scenario tagged with this will behave like @ignore. """, * def timeLong = call dateStringToLong '2016-12-24T03, # import yaml (will be converted to json), # if the js file evaluates to a function, it can be re-used later using the 'call' keyword (or invoked just like normal js), # the following short-cut is also allowed, # perfect for all those common authentication or 'set up' flows, And request karate.readAsString('classpath, # use only 'ssim' (structural similarity) engine, # always use both 'resemble' and 'ssim' engines but only evaluate the lowest mismatch percentage against our `failureThreshold`, # prefer 'resemble' and fallback to 'ssim' engine only if the resemble mismatch percentage is >= `failureThreshold`, # only consider the comparison as failed when 2% or more pixels are different from the baseline, * configure imageComparison = { failureThreshold, # consider image comparisons that fail due to too many mismatched pixels as passed (especially useful when you are first starting without any baseline images), * configure imageComparison = { mismatchShouldPass, # custom JS function called in Karate HTML image comparison UI when the user clicks the `Rebase` button, """ Karate API Test Script. Multiple fields can be set in one step using multipart fields. Only recommended for advanced users, but this guarantees a routine is run only once, even when running tests in parallel. How to run a specific feature file in Karate? There is a neat way to tag your tests and the above example demonstrates how to run all tests except the ones tagged @skipme. Karate gives us lots of options to work with data. Note that it is a map of lists so you will need to do things like this: And just as in the responseCookies example above, you can use match to run complex validations on the responseHeaders. Observe how you can match the result of a JsonPath expression with your expected data. Since replace auto-converts the result to a string, make sure you perform type conversion back to JSON (or XML) if applicable. And you dont need to create additional Java classes for any of the payloads that you need to work with. or anything wrapped in parentheses which will be evaluated as JavaScript - e.g. But take a look at how Karate can loop over a *.feature file for each object in a JSON array - which gives you dynamic data-driven testing, if you need it. A URL remains constant until you use the url keyword again, so this is a good place to set-up the non-changing parts of your REST URL-s. A URL can take expressions, so the approach below is legal. In the above example, the end-result of the call to my-signin.feature resulted in the authToken variable being initialized. By default, the value of karate.env when you access it within karate-config.js - would be null. VNC server exposed on port 5900 so that you can watch the browser in real-time. Since the eval keyword can be omitted when operating on variables using JavaScript, this leads to very concise code: Refer to eval for more / advanced examples. Important: If you attempt to build a URL in the form ?myparam=value by using path the ? This is a core feature and does not depend on JUnit, Maven or Gradle. For a detailed discussion on BDD and how Karate relates to Cucumber, please refer to this blog-post: Yes, Karate is not true BDD. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. right: 1496 How do you find the longest decreasing subsequence of a sequence? You can adjust configuration settings for the HTTP client used by Karate using this keyword. { "roomInformation": [{ "roomPrice": 618.4 }], "totalPrice": 618.4 }, So if you tried to re-use the same feature but with multiple arguments, things will not work as you expect. This mechanism works by calling configure cookies behind the scenes and if you need to stop auto-adding cookies for future requests, just do this: Also refer to the built-in variable responseCookies for how you can access and perform assertions on cookie data values. This tag selection capability is designed for you to be able to compose flows out of existing test-suites when using the Karate Gatling integration. Also look at the demo examples, especially dynamic-params.feature - to compare the above approach with how the Cucumber Scenario Outline: can be alternatively used for data-driven tests. You can define the base URL in Karate with the keyword. {}, """ If you find yourself struggling to write dynamic JsonPath filters, look at karate.filter() as an alternative, described just below. For a call (or callonce) - payload / data structures (JSON, XML, Map-like or List-like) variables are passed by reference which means that steps within the called feature can update or mutate them, for e.g. Note that #present and #notpresent only make sense when you are matching within a JSON or XML context or using a JsonPath or XPath on the left-hand-side. For convenience, a null value will be ignored. you can use pure JsonPath expressions (notice how this is different from the above), # and even append to json arrays (or create them automatically), # and for match - the order of keys does not matter, # you can ignore fields marked with '#ignore', # you can even set whole fragments of xml, """ Only 1 import is needed, and instead of a class-level annotation, you use a nice DRY and fluent-api to express which tests and tags you want to use. Why is there a voltage on my HDMI and coaxial cables? Before you consider the set keyword - note that for simple JSON update operations, you can use eval - especially useful when the path you are trying to mutate is dynamic. Unlike other BDD frameworks like Cucumber, Specflow or JBehave, Karate has all the step definitions written for us so we dont have to worry about writing them. What are the most important features of karate? #10, #15: There must be a structure expected as a response of the API. Normally an undefined variable results in nasty JavaScript errors. will get encoded into %3F. Note that for. Also see the option below, where you can data-drive an Examples: table using JSON. leagueName: '##string', a password) into a test. In this chapter, we will discuss memory coalescing. JsonPath and Karate expressions are not supported. Provides supports for the Data Driver Testing that is built in-house, hence no need to depend on external frameworks. """, # in this case the solitary 'call' argument is of type string. How can karate read data from external files? How to use Karate-config parameters in a feature file? Use this for multipart content items that dont have field-names. For more complex functions you are better off using the multi-line doc-string approach. Select all the raw data and validate it using any json validator. So you could have also done something like: Also refer to the configure keyword on how to switch on pretty-printing of all HTTP requests and responses. For this, Cucumber has already provided a way to organize your scenario execution by using tags in feature file. HTML form fields would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted (by the method step). JavaScript functions have some limitations when combined with multi-threaded Java code. This approach is indeed slightly more complicated than traditional *.properties files - but you need this complexity. Karate has a very useful payload templating approach. Observe the usage of Scenario Outline: instead of Scenario:, and the new Examples: section. Set the read timeout (milliseconds). "arr": [ } The built-in karate object is explained in detail later, but for now, note that this is also injected into print (and even assert) statements, and it has a helpful pretty method, that takes a JSON argument and a prettyXml method that deals with XML. Since a SOAP request needs special handling, this is the only case where the method step is not used to actually fire the request to the server. It is sometimes useful to be able to check if a key-value-pair does not exist. Try this especially if you dont have much experience with programming or test-automation. Finally, using karate.response.header(name) can be simpler to just get a header value string by name, and it will ignore-case for the name passed as the argument: You would normally only need to use the status keyword. You can also dynamically set multiple files in one step using multipart files. """, # optional (can be null) and if present should be an array of size greater than zero, # should be an array of size equal to $.count, # use a predicate function to validate each array element, # if you prefer using 'pure' JsonPath, you can do this, # using the karate object if the expression is dynamic, """ function(arg) { Karates native support for JSON means that you can assign parts of a JSON instance into another variable, which is useful when dealing with complex response payloads. There are two things that can happen to the returned value. You cant do things such as * url 'http://foo.bar' and expect the URL to be set in the called feature. For another example, see: examples.feature. lastUpdated: { on: "#ignore" }, ##(subSchema) } request can have the 'Authorization' header set in a way that the server expects. This is convenient for complex nested payloads where you are sure that you only want to check for some values in the various trees of data. input: How do you pass special characters in karate URL? A single data file can be used by multiple test cases. all predicate marker to validate that the value of totalPrice is always equal to the roomPrice of the first item in the roomInformation array. Here are some example assertions performed while scraping a list of child elements out of the JSON below. The most important feature of Karate isno coding. Keep in mind that the start-up configuration routine could have already initialized some variables before the script even started. And you can perform conditional / cross-field validations and even business-logic validations at the same time. And such re-use makes it easier to re-factor tests when needed, which is great for maintainability. Here is an example of performing a configure driver step in JavaScript: By default, Karate will add logs to the report output so that HTTP requests and responses appear in-line in the HTML reports. For e.g. Re-use can sometimes result in negative benefits - especially when applied to test-automation. How can I see who wants to message me on Messenger? You can lock down the fact that you only want to execute the single JUnit class that functions as a test-suite - by using the following maven-surefire-plugin configuration: Note how the karate.options can be specified using the configuration. Use it sparingly, and only for string, number or simple payload comparisons. Refer to the cats-java.feature demo for an example. var JavaDemo = Java.type('com.mycompany.JavaDemo'); It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. EDIT: Karate now supports being able to use a line-number, for e.g. For example: Note that it has to be a pure JavaScript expression - which means that match syntax such as contains will not work. A very rare need is to be able to convert a string which happens to be in YAML form into JSON, and this can be done via the yaml type cast keyword. You may face issues if you attempt to mix in JS functions or Java code. The nature of simulating nature: A Q&A with IBM Quantum researcher Dr. Jamie We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Default value is, Skip comparison for this field even if the data element or JSON key is present, Expects actual (string) value to conform to the UUID format, Expects actual (string) value to match the regular-expression STR (see examples above), Expects the JavaScript expression EXPR to evaluate to true, see, The parent of self or current item in the list, relevant when using, useful to create lists out of items (which can be lists as well), see, useful to append to a list-like variable (that has to exist) in scope, see, returns only unique items out of an array of strings or numbers, embeds the object (can be raw bytes or an image) into the JSON report output, see this, gets the value (read-only) of the environment property karate.env, and this is typically used for bootstrapping, for really advanced needs, you can programmatically generate a snippet of JavaScript which can be evaluated at run-time, you can find an example. But normally a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message. Parallel testing is the core functionality that is provided by the Karate itself, hence we need not depend on Maven, Gradle, etc. And steps that follow should logically be in the Then form. This means that as long as the token on file is valid, you can save time by not having to make the one or two HTTP calls needed to sign-in or create throw-away users in your SSO store. So if you really wanted to assert that the HTTP response body is well-formed JSON or XML you can do this: Very rarely used - but you can get the Java system-time (for the current response) at the point when the HTTP request was initiated (the value of System.currentTimeMillis()) which can be used for detailed logging or custom framework / stats calculations. More examples of Java interop and how to invoke custom code can be found in the section on Calling Java. Why did Ukraine abstain from the UNHRC vote on China? For teams familiar with or currently using REST-assured, this detailed comparison of Karate vs REST-assured - can help you evaluate Karate. This is like the opposite of set if you need to remove keys or data elements from JSON or XML instances. Match failure messages are much more descriptive and useful, and you get the power of embedded expressions and fuzzy matching. bottom: 893, This is perfect for those cases where it really doesnt make sense - for example the Background section or when you use the def or set syntax. For every HTTP request made from Karate, the internal flow is as follows: This makes setting up of complex authentication schemes for your test-flows really easy. But again, you can return a JSON object. So you get the picture, any kind of complicated sign-in flow can be scripted and re-used. In real testing scenarios, we can add further checks and validations to the API JSON Response with JsonPath expressions. You can over-ride it by using the header keyword before the method step. Some third-party report-server solutions integrate with Karate such as ReportPortal.io. math if the name is "first": And if you use IntelliJ - you can right click and do the above. In such cases, you have to use string quotes: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }. Karate will also run Scenario-s in parallel by default. It typically ends up being a one-liner that appears in the Background section at the start of your test-scripts. { Do new devs get fired if they can't solve a certain bug? Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. Git) to ignore karate-config-*.js if needed. So an additional rule in the above flow of rules (before the first step) is as follows: Karate scripts are technically in Gherkin format - but all you need to grok as someone who needs to test web-services are the three sections: Feature, Background and Scenario. The recommended approach for Karate reporting in a Continuous Integration set-up is described in the next section which can generate the JUnit XML format that most CI tools can consume. You dont have to compile code. Refer to the demo karate-config.js for an example and how the demo.server.port system-property is set-up in the test runner: TestBase.java. The classpath is a Java concept and is where some configuration files such as the one for logging are expected to be by default. For example - if a response data element or downloaded file is YAML and you need to use the data in subsequent steps. """, # attempt to detect and ignore antialiasing, # customize color / brightness tolerances, # switch to `original` grayscale SSIM algorithm, # JS math can introduce a decimal point in some cases, # but you can easily coerce to an integer if needed, # or you can do the same on multiple lines if you wish, # set headers or params (if any) BEFORE the method step. Karate is an open-source API test automation tool. Refer to your IDE documentation for how to run a JUnit class. Theres also a cross-platform stand-alone executable for teams not comfortable with Java. You can also find a nice visual comparison and explanation here. But there is an elegant way you can specify a default value using the karate.get() API: A word of caution: we recommend that you should not over-use Karates capability of being able to re-use features. You can imagine how this greatly simplifies setting up tests for boundary conditions. Note that forcing Scenario-s to run in a particular sequence is an anti-pattern, and should be avoided as far as possible. You can use this to assert that it was returned within the expected time like so: Karate will attempt to parse the raw HTTP response body as JSON or XML and make it available as the response value. This approach can certainly enable product-owners or domain-experts who are not programmer-folk, to review, and even collaborate on test-scenarios and scripts. To create a feature file, right click on the Project explorer, choose New >> File. The Hello World is a great example of REST-ful use of the url when the test focuses on a single REST resource. Important: do not use the @RunWith(Karate.class) annotation. Karate does not attempt to have tests be in natural language like how Cucumber tests are traditionally expected to be. Though not really recommended, you can have multiple Scenario-s within a Feature tagged with @setup. By now, it should be clear that JsonPath can be very useful for extracting JSON trees out of a given object. # and yes, you can assert against nested objects within JSON arrays !